The Impartial Spectator Adam Smith's Moral Philosophy

A comprehensive critical account by D. D. Raphael of Adam Smith's moral philosophy, primarily presented in his seminal work, *The Theory of Moral Sentiments*. While not as widely recognized as *The Wealth of Nations*, Smith's ethical writings remain highly significant, particularly for his nuanced theory of conscience. Raphael explores Smith's concept of conscience as stemming from the sympathetic and antipathetic feelings of 'spectators'. Smith posits that as we observe others' actions, we imagine ourselves in their position. Our shared motives lead to approval, while differing motives lead to disapproval. This experiential knowledge informs our own conscience, acting as an 'impartial spectator' guiding our moral judgments. Smith's articulation of moral judgment is notably influenced by Stoic ethics, emphasizing self-command, yet Raphael highlights Smith's critiques alongside his praise, positioning Smith's own stance as a synthesis of Stoic and Christian values. The work also addresses crucial interpretive differences, such as the substantial variations between the first five editions of *The Moral Sentiments* and the sixth. Raphael argues that a failure to acknowledge these distinctions has led to erroneous views regarding a supposed youthful idealism in *Moral Sentiments* contrasted with the 'mature realism' of *The Wealth of Nations*. Furthermore, he debunks the misconception that Smith treats sympathy as the sole motive for moral action, in supposed contrast to self-interest in his economic works. Published in 2009 by Clarendon, this paperback copy is offered in good condition.

• Author: Raphael, David Daiches
• Publisher: Clarendon
• Year: 2009
• Binding: Paperback
• Condition: Good
• ISBN: 9780199568260